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McCorquodale Authors Michael S. McCorquodale, Mei Kim Ding, and Richard B. Brown 2h E&C  "  Outline  Motivation Phase Noise and Timing Jitter Expressions and Relationships Baseline Oscillator Topology Topological Enhancements Simulation Framework and Results Comparison of Results Conclusions     Motivation  ?Review the relationship between phase noise and timing jitter which is particularly important when considering the overlap of time and frequency domain metrics in modern mixed-signal SoC development Study topological variations in a CMOS LC oscillator that reduce phase noise and jitter Utilize both time and frequency domain simulation environments to measure phase noise and jitter Demonstrate agreement between time and frequency domain simulation environments as well as between calculated and simulated phase noise and jitter Draw conclusions regarding each approachl@'.`) Phase Noise and Timing Jitter  8 Expressions and Relationships  9Expressions and Relationships  :Baseline Oscillator Topology  ;Topological Enhancements  <Phase Noise Simulation  Time Domain Noise Simulation  =Comparison of Results      ConclusionsReviewed concepts of phase noise and jitter Presented relationships for and between phase noise and jitter Presented topological modifications that improve phase noise and jitter Simulated both phase noise and jitter and showed good agreement between time and frequency domain results as well as calculated data Time domain approach takes considerable time and data space but converges easily Frequency domain approach is fast but it is often difficult to achieve convergenceP  ` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dW.(? " dZ0.   " Y 6 n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ L `p>>  K0  p;(  p~ p B?#" `x p B?" p T0ߝpPpP ?"0  KTitel  p T@pPpP?" v*a   .;;XXvvF p TAA ?"p  XKlicken Sie, um die Formate des Vorlagentextes zu bearbeiten Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene=Y ( p 6"l ZMichael S. McCorquodale Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems University of Michigan[[ C r  p C <A$OfficialSealSmall"eH p 0޽h? ? 3(33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + AVParis010921  K0 0t(  t t N،pPpP ?"V  s;Klicken Sie, um das Format des Titel-Masters zu bearbeiten.<<" t T܄AA ?" `    x@Klicken Sie, um das Format des Untertitel-Masters zu bearbeiten.AAx t B?"~ t B?#" `H t 0޽h? ? 3(33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +/ 0 (?(  ( ( 0LGa P   a T*   ( 0La    a V*  d ( c $ ?  a; ( 0Oa  @ a sKlicken Sie, um die Textformatierung des Masters zu bearbeiten. Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene Vierte Ebene Fnfte Ebene@    t  ( 6Ra `P  a T*   ( 6Xa `  a V*  H ( 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10..у K0   d_(  dr d S  t   d  d C <A$OfficialSealSmallT @r`r  d S t@D    d Nܕ?  &Solid State Electronics Laboratory Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI USA 48109-2122.     d N?0 M International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Bangkok, Thailand, May 2003NNM H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   K0 @  (   r  S Pp0      `AA ?p`@@  ,@ @`  Tx >?"`  D Motivation     T>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter   T|>?"``  E Expressions     T>?"``  G Baseline Top.   T$>?"`  F Enhancements     TD>?"`@ D Simulation     T >?"`@ D Comparison     Td%>?"` E Conclusions   H  0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +5   K0 8 0 P `(  `x ` c $/p0    ` s 6AA p#" 0ep@  ,@ @` ` TX>>?"`  D Motivation    ` T">?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  ` T@>?"``  E Expressions    ` TH?>?"``  G Baseline Top.  ` TI>?"`  F Enhancements    ` TxM>?"`@ D Simulation    ` TQ>?"`@ D Comparison     ` TT>?"` E Conclusions   H ` 0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +4$  K0 `40 (  4r 4 S  ap0   l `  4` ,$D  0@ ` ` 4` ` v4 0(k ` H /Timing Jitter Time domain uncertainty in period 0 P"@ @`f y4 6A?FP ` z4 6mp  _#Figure 1: Timing jitter illustrated $0 $l  \ 4\ ,$D  0 w4 0r  \\ 6Phase Noise Power at frequency offset from fundamental7 +@ @`N ` L ` {4  l` |4 0A ?` L~ }4 0{`  ` ]!Figure 2: Phase noise illustrated "0 " 4 T>?"`  D Motivation    4 T؃>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  4 Tt>?"``  E Expressions    4 T8>?"``  G Baseline Top.  4 T@>?"`  F Enhancements    4 Tܒ>?"`@ D Simulation    4 T̉>?"`@ D Comparison    4 T4>?"` E Conclusions   cl XX 4XX,$D  0h ~4 c $A =??X" = 4 Z؞?4 [XB WIdeal Oscillator Output$<0 Z 4 HG|)?"` p 0l  4,$D  0 42 3 r0e0eA >? ?pp  >  4 Z?4  WNoisy Oscillator Output$<0 Z 4 HG|)?"`  B 4 s *D8c ,$D 0H 4 0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10.+M~Dm' = @B D(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*4Dz' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*4D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*4++  K0 ?7` I0 (  x  c $Ip0  I   0 I    [  @ @`?  0I b OShort-Term Timing Jitter Expressions N-cycle Period (1-cycle) Cycle-to-cycleT& *$   @ @``  c $A ??[  d   2 TI>?"`  D Motivation    3 TI>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  4 T>?"``  E Expressions    5 TI>?"``  G Baseline Top.  6 TPI>?"`  F Enhancements    7 T&I>?"`@ D Simulation    8 T*I>?"`@ D Comparison    9 T8.I>?"` E Conclusions   xl / E/,$D  0n  s *A '?? / ' : HG|)?"` Bl  F,$D  0 "2 # l0e0eA %? ?pH  % I ; HG|)?"` l \D G\D,$D  0 $2 3 r0e0eA *? ?p \D * I < HG|)?"`" l   H ,$D  0n  s *A :??`[  :  = 0T?I   2Phase Noise Power relative to fund. at offset fmJ  &  # @ @` A HG|)?"` p l   I ,$D  0n   s *A 6??  6% > 0- +  @ @` B HG|)?"` 2pB C s *D8c ,$D 0B D s *D8c   ,$D 0H  0޽h ? #d 2'___PPT10.+CWD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*ED' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*FDz' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*G%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*GD' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*C%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*CDz' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*HD' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*I%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*I+@  K0 7/p1(  x  c $WIp0  I   0|aI  ,$ 0 ]   @ @``  c $A  ??y <      0iI @ 0,$  0 .(No/Po)fm = Phase noise density at offset fm F = Noise factor kT = Thermal noise C = Output power Q = Tank quality factor fo = Fundamental frequency fm = Offset from fundamental0Z               >M]@e  6A <?jJ?"`x  <  0,tI pP dLesson s Equation for Phase Noise Spectral Density30Z3 B  s *D8c,$D  0  0uI @ ,$  0 &Fixed Parameters k, T, fo Obvious Enhancements Increase Q: Motivation for RF MEMS research Increase C: Power is a constraint Another Approach Reduce F, but how? Topology   P     ,  @ @` ) TI>?"`  D Motivation    * T8{I>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  , T~I>?"``  G Baseline Top.  - T4dI>?"`  F Enhancements    . T$I>?"`@ D Simulation    / T\I>?"`@ D Comparison    0 TDI>?"` E Conclusions    1 TI>?"``  E Expressions   H  0޽h ? #d 2g-_-___PPT10?-.+PaDo,' = @B D*,' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(Dj' =K@BB BBPB0B%(/%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*D' =%(D3' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*D' =%(DV' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D ' =%(DY ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 0D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 0D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0]%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 0]D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 0]D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ]%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* ]D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* ]D' =%(DV' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =%(D7' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<* D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<* ++0+I ++0+I ++0+ I +#  K0    %4 (  x  c $Ip0  I   0R   ,$ 0 HBaseline Oscillator Topology 1.8GHz CMOS LC oscillator Fully differential/symmetric Cross-coupled negative resistance sustaining amplifier NMOS tail TSMC 0.18mm mixed-mode BSIM RF noise modelsL )s"@ @`  0I"p0  .Figure 3: Baseline CMOS LC Oscillator Topology</0   T R>?"`  D Motivation     TR>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter   TR>?"``  E Expressions     TR>?"``  G Baseline Top.   T<R>?"`  F Enhancements    ! T"R>?"`@ D Simulation    " T8&R>?"`@ D Comparison    # T@*R>?"` E Conclusions    $ # l0e0eA ?p0w  RH  0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10.+ .6Dl' = @B D'' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D"' =%(%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*7D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7T%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*7TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*+8+0+R +i  K0    & (  x  c $6Rp0  R l  0;R   ,$ 0 ZTopological Enhancements PMOS tail Common mode capacitor Cascode tail Weak inversion tail   B[9@ @`  08R  k/Figure 4: Enhanced CMOS LC Oscillator Topology 00 0  T GR>?"`  D Motivation     TLKR>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter   TNR>?"``  E Expressions     TRR>?"``  G Baseline Top.   T@QR>?"`  F Enhancements     T8UR>?"`@ D Simulation     T0^R>?"`@ D Comparison     T8bR>?"` E Conclusions    % # l0e0eA ?p  @ RH  0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10.+?HDX' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D"' =%(%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* #%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* #D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* #9%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* #9D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 9F%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* 9FD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* FZ%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* FZ+8+0+ R +  K0    (  ~  s *lRp  R   0sR X  ,$ 0 _SpectreRF Pnoise Results >10dB gain in tail current device polarity change 1.7 - 3.4dB gain for each additional modification ~20dB gain overall Simulation convergence difficult but fast if achieved, $ @w#@`z     p ,$@ 0~  6A  ?   R  0|R"  w;Figure 5: Phase noise performance for each studied topology <0 <  TR>?"`  D Motivation     TR>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter   TR>?"``  E Expressions     ŤR>?"``  G Baseline Top.   T`R>?"`  F Enhancements     TXR>?"`@ D Simulation     TPR>?"`@ D Comparison     TXR>?"` E Conclusions   H  0޽h ? #d 2A9___PPT10.+TLD' = @B D<' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DK' =%(%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* K%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* KD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* K}%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* K}D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* }%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* }D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<* +p+0+ R ++0+ R +(  K0   0T  (  T~ T s *Rp0  R  -T c 0e0eA ?pP p R T 0XR p ,$ 0  ADS Time Domain Results ~1000 periods collected with max step = 1/10th expected jitter Processor time: ~10hrs Data recorded: ~250MB Mean period determined Period jitter determined Gaussian distribution around mean period Simulation convergence easy but time consumingB A @ @` T 6?"`  D Motivation    !T TR>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  "T TR>?"``  E Expressions    #T TR>?"``  G Baseline Top.  $T TR>?"`  F Enhancements    &T TR>?"`@ D Comparison    'T THR>?"` E Conclusions    (T TPR>?"`@ D Simulation    /T c 0e0eA ?pP  RH T 0޽h ? #d 2$___PPT10.+7Dd' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*TW%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TWD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*TWn%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TWnD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Tn%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TnD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*TD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*T +p+0+TR ++0+TR +]$  K0 `#X#/H"(  ~  s *(Rp0  R 4x pP G #"*d  <R ?I P V79 @  @@``  <R ? I  V51 @  @@``  <_ ?+ I  Z-106.2 @  @@``  < _ ?I +  /PMOS weak inversion cascode tail with capacitor0 0@  @@``  <_ ?m PI  V83 @  @@``  <4!_ ? m I  V76 @  @@``  <*_ ?+ m I  Z-102.8 @  @@``   <,_ ?m + I  !PMOS cascode tail with capacitor" "@  @@``  <<=_ ? Pm  V93 @  @@``  <F_ ? m  V94 @  @@``  <7_ ?+ m  Z-101.0 @  @@``  <X_ ? + m  lPMOS tail with capacitor @  @@``   <da_ ?P  W118 @  @@`` ! <i_ ?   W114 @  @@`` " < T$_>?"`  D Motivation    ? TX_>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter  @ T_>?"``  E Expressions    A T _>?"``  G Baseline Top.  B T_>?"`  F Enhancements    C T_>?"`@ D Simulation    D TH_>?"`@ D Comparison    E T_>?"` E Conclusions   H  0޽h ? #d 2___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +   K0 ` 0(  r  S pLp0     S Vpp    TX>?"`  D Motivation     TI>?"`  KP. Noise + Jitter   T_>?"``  E Expressions     Tc>?"``  G Baseline Top.   Tg>?"`  F Enhancements     Tk>?"`@ D Simulation     To>?"`@ D Comparison     TTs>?"` E Conclusions   H  0޽h ? 3(33___PPT10i.@1&+D=' = @B +TxWOOA.Dx!$&C Zr l!;g~x?&~^{3uh.M= Mfy̼7owgwg1t.#׉XX>k<ę,m(v;p"xȮy}\MsOeǑStclZB3s\m*CuK+,P\XK#~ԟeZ5KZ:7:N _|~-_Ff4EOØ?_HryƶC8ēfuI>_S?He"#0M3vw5R?z eP3ʫi/P0cs&Kظ3btt|o9-%1s+-=vڿClbR~x9;U>fvPhmUgipicN~>\KQfyH&oѠU\C7fGr̼sMʴJ)R魲]gQ/yw~u&ZӷE5$I"xWkW?N6fgf%#ID,~E(}a"+qw5I,AB* +m7 -s?1I Y9{ϝs3zCJXB T}J+}T4H3 Eo(!yW.KrxG'[wEܨcj/lV mCŞ9 lm 8(!~TҤ]kbޏ)6q3`aG'eZPl >2/e#2X7 ty!8mlA}oNlxL uQ0λ|2E P -z m1e tu[aJxk =\p8G3ion7-.M!g7+8<=a:T}|czOoQYS`M9ز 4T^ izT/ڃ0*,Gtk4wƾ@OM`<`)FsI q CXBE\f>E-ҡ0nrW͠3pyN3q_/c96.%3@ɵ ["n9 i]F)ݳ!uP:{56COsw:*#DY`ʢdLLI՟oJؼY$^4qϒR㤓QCh8Z*<6nnumIr9\+D+'zbnxbj-z%o탂<61kG6윋ͳkObk7o>M<_YV[5:-?A_K S߱qg1OvWuV-F99?:"f' xKhSY^Rk..UZqXirV2Eu` uOx<^b8Us{}4T0TAc Q+e=^ᛂ]'6GP BH\rx{=qjeڧv(j 8#\5@ߌOA8\>ebl q8I|#1CLQފ 1ta{(f=/g@dP7_Kuy@|>M?|/@w6/ٗvT(S'MKC@oVEw~ o3 Z<ޡ/SC5kP/>Zz;ljQ%}>HtBOv+t,T !{$ڱTޕI'ʍ|]4r^MsAʽj`{BMr@vD8@t\z8>D!}03 DRz|SgD.0̐%mX}w:02t4 cHf^ӷZ- 'ҳ&uV&3Η' \*M,}[!-w>T37!r]ce1)3Vr:F0bb*rnzXnIgփp&NаOu^D!=Vs{H{Ƶ=$Ӕ/3Ir'v?Ff_%/G+Mh=E^nTl 7;NNMm퟾$Eox;•&MhT(טf*CN ;"4S,Uw"UD"Ab^4卓D` ;p$` {r}2)kEy٠o:%|e^>J[C'EPIsp& yk]]jou{j *o{sClSls? 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